Population Dynamics of Bald Eagles in the Northeast US

BAEA Breeding period.jpg

Key:

1. Fecundity of breeding bald eagles.
2. Failure of an immature or non-breeding bald eagle to move up into the breeding category.
3. Successful transition of an immature or non-breeding bald eagle into the breeding category.
4. Survival of an iteroparous adult bald eagle.
5. The demotion of a breeding bald eagle into the non-breeding category.

BAEA Non-Breeding period.jpg

Key:

1. (Before fall) Seasonal immigration of non-resident immatures or non-breeders.
2. Failure of an immature or non-breeding bald eagle to move up into the breeding category.
3. Successful fledging of a hatchling into the immature category. 
4. (Before fall) Seasonal immigration of non-resident breeders.
5. The demotion of a breeding bald eagle into the non-breeding category.
6. Survival of an iteroparous adult bald eagle. 
7. Successful transition from an immature or non-breeding adult into a breeding adult.
8. (Before fall) Seasonal emigration of part-time resident immatures or non-breeders into an alternative geographical system.
9. (After fall) Dispersion of resident immatures or non-breeders into an alternative geographical system. 
10. (After fall) Return immigration of part-time resident immatures or non-breeders.
11. (Before fall) Seasonal emigration of part-time resident breeders into an alternative geographical system.
12. (After fall) Dispersion of resident breeders into an alternative geographical system.
13. (After fall) Return immigration of part-time resident breeders.

Bald eagle rebound stunted by poisoning from lead ammunition by Krishna Ramanujan in the Cornell Chronicle, 13 January 2022.

Lead diminished bald eagle recovery and continues to pose risks by David Frey at The Wildlife Society, 13 January 2022.

Eagles still feel weight of lead in environment at the Morris Animal Foundation, 13 January 2022.

Lead ammo poisoning threatening bald eagle population, study says by Joseph Guzman at The Hill, 13 January 2022.

Lead ammo hampers the bald eagle rebound in the Northeast US by Brian Bienkowski at Environmental Health News, 14 January 2022.

Bald eagle population growth stunted by lead poisoning, study finds by Alexandra Larkin at CBS News, 14 January 2022.

The bald eagle population slowly recovers, but lead ammo hampers their resilience by Rina Torchinsky at NPR, 14 January 2022.

U.S. bald eagles comeback diminished by lead poisoning from bullets by Barbara Goldberg at Reuters, 14 January 2022.

Bald eagle comeback impacted by lead poison by Sharon Udasin and Saul Elbein at The Hill, 14 January 2022.

Bald eagles are being poisoned by lead ammo in hunted animals. Could copper bullets be the fix? by Rita Giordano at The Philadelphia Inquirer, 3 February 2022. 

Lead Bullets Are Stunting the Bald Eagle's Recovery by Spoorthy Raman at Audubon, 3 February 2022. 

Lead poisoning is suppressing eagle populations by David Frey at The Wildlife Society, 17 February 2022. 

Nearly half of US bald eagles suffer lead poisoning by Christina Larson at the AP, 17 February 2022. 

Nearly half of bald eagles have lead poisoning by Tess Joosse at Science, 17 February 2022.

Bald Eagle Population Growth Rate Suppressed by Lead Poisoning by Aylin Woodward at the Wall Street Journal, 17 February 2022.

 

This research contains diverse and interdisciplinary contributions from professionals all over the region. Contributions may include intellectual property, knowledge, data, software code, time, ideas, suggestions, comments, reviews, a professional network, and communication materials. 

We thank (alphabetical order):

Alyssa Kaganer, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Amy McMurtry, Graphical Artist, Moscow, Idaho, USA

André A. Dhondt, Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Barb Bodenstein, United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Brenda Hanley, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Brian Hess, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hartford, Connecticut, USA

Cara Them, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Chris Martin, New Hampshire Audubon, Concord, New Hampshire, USA

David Needle, New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA

David O. Brown, Ithaca, New York, USA

David W. Kramer, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA

Diane Winn, Avian Haven Wild Bird Rehabilitation Center, Freedom, Maine, USA

Dieter Heylen, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium

Elizabeth M. Bunting, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Ernesto Dominguez-Villegas, Independent Wildlife Consultant, Virginia, USA

Florina Tseng, Wildlife Clinic & Center for Conservation Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA 

Jennifer Peaslee, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Justin D. Brown, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

Karyn L. Bischoff, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, New York, USA

Katherine McComas, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Kevin P. Hynes, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, New York, USA

Krysten L. Schuler, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

María J. Forzán, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, New York, USA, and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, USA

Mark A. Pokras, Wildlife Clinic & Center for Conservation Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA 

Mark Ruder, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

Mary Garrison, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Nick Hollingshead, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Nicole I. Keith, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Pamela Mills, Department of Lands and Forestry, Wildlife Division, Government of Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia, CA

Patrick Connelly, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Patrick P. Martin,  New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (retired), Middleburgh, New York, USA

Rachel Abbott, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Samantha Gibbs, Wildlife Health Office, National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chiefland, Florida, USA

Sandra Houghton, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Concord, New Hampshire, USA

Sarah Ireley, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Ithaca, New York, USA

Tom French, Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA

Wendy Kozlowski, John M. Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

And 17 additional anonymous professionals or academic reviewers. 

Peer-reviewed research:

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Forzán, M, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K,  Domínguez-Villegas, E, & Schuler, K. 2022. Environmental lead reduces the resilience of Bald Eagle populations. Journal of Wildlife Management. https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.22177

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Dennis, B, & Schuler, K. 2019. Using time series data to assess recent population dynamics of Bald Eagles in the northeast United States. Ecosphere. doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2963​

Hanley, B, Connelly, P, & Dennis, B. 2019. Another look at the eigenvalues of a population matrix model. PeerJ 7:e8018. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8018​

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Forzán, M, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K,  Domínguez-Villegas, E, & Schuler, K. Bald Eagle Dashboard: Software to assess the population scale impact of anthropogenic mortality. In peer review. 

Hanley, B, Connelly, P, Bunting, E, & Schuler, K. The impact of lead on bald eagles in New York from 1990-2018. 

Interactive software:

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Dennis, B, & Schuler, K. 2019. EaglePOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the demography of Bald Eagles in the Northeast, USA from 1990- 2018 [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/q4m1-se95

Hanley, B, Connelly, P, & Dennis, B. 2019. IsoPOPd: Interactive software to understand how elements in a population matrix model influence the asymptotic population growth rate [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/bcmg-7w08

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Forzán, M, & Schuler, K. 2019. CounterPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the population scale impact of lead in bald eagles in the Northeast United States from 1990-2018 [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/0v1k-wq39

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, & Schuler, K. 2020. BandingPOPd: Software to investigate the USGS bald eagle banding and encounter data in the Northeast United States [Dataset]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/1n7f-xs53​

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Forzán, M, & Schuler, K. 2019. ClosedCounterPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the population scale impacts of lead in hypothetically closed bald eagle populations [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/q4t7-1y54

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Forzán, M, & Schuler, K. 2019. DensiPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the impacts to density dependence by lead in bald eagles in the Northeast United States [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/6yb8-5c25

⁷ Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Forzán, M, & Schuler, K. 2019. ClosedDensiPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the impacts to density dependence by lead in bald eagles in hypothetically closed systems [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/n2x8-6p10

⁸ Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Forzán, M, & Schuler, K. 2019. PlastiPOPd Web Interactive: Software to investigate the life history plasticity in bald eagles in the Northeast United States [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/7rxf-ee77​

⁹ Hanley, B, Dhondt, A,Forzán, M, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Domínguez-Villegas, E, & Schuler, K. 2020. EagleDashboard: Assessing the population scale impacts of a disease, toxin, or contaminant in Bald Eagles [Software]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/0dm3-tf51

Data packages:

Avian Haven Wild Bird Rehabilitation Center. 2021. Avian Haven Bald Eagle Case Reports 2012-2019. Freedom, Maine [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/qg9d-9p17​ 

Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. 2021. Tufts Bald Eagle Case Reports 1991-2019.Tufts University. North Grafton, Massachusetts [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/6by1-j636  

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Forzán, M, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Dominguez-Villegas, E, Ponce Cosio, A E, & Schuler, K.2021a. Veterinary Data Package: Lead in Bald Eagles in the Northeast United States [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/3p9p-j249

Hanley, B, Dhondt, A, Forzán, M, Bunting, E, Pokras, M, Hynes, K, Dominguez-Villegas, E, Ponce Cosio, A E, & Schuler, K.2021b. Time Series Data Package: Lead in Bald Eagles in the Northeast United States [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/wr25-4m46

United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Heath Center. 2021. National Wildlife Heath Center Bald Eagle Data 1963-2014. National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/jn80-e080 

University of New Hampshire. 2021. New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Bald Eagle Case Reports 2013-2017. University of New Hampshire. Durham, New Hampshire [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/m8yz-1r93  

Wildlife Health Center of Virginia. 2021. Wildlife Health Center of Virginia Bald Eagle Case Reports 2011-2017. WILD-ONe. Waynesboro, Virginia [Data]. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository. doi.org/10.7298/hyyc-ws65 

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