Solving the mystery of wildlife mortality with diagnostics
When the Cornell Wildlife Health Lab investigates mortalities in wildlife, our specially trained pathologists use diagnostic tools to crack the case . Our pathologists are veterinarians who have completed at least 3 additional years of specialty training in diagnosis of disease after animals have died. One of those key diagnostic tools that they are trained to use is histopathology- "histo" for short. So what is histopathology, you ask? Simply put, it's the examination of tissues under a microscope.
Searching for clues
Domestic animals usually come with a full history and description of clinical signs that help the pathologist plan diagnostic testing and determine the cause of death. Unfortunately, wildlife doesn't often come with any information and that makes them harder to sort out. When a wild animal case is submitted to the lab, a pathologist carefully examines the body both inside and out (think autopsy but for animals). This first exam is called a "gross" necropsy- looking for obvious evidence of disease or injury.
Getting answers under the microscope
Pathologists collect samples from all the different organs during the necropsy, particularly if they see anything unusual. These tissues are treated with the chemical formalin- a process called "fixation" --to prevent any deterioration, then they are embedded in paraffin wax so that they can be sliced thin on a special machine called a microtome. These very, very thin slices of tissue are put on glass slides and colored with a standard stain (called H&E) that turns them pink and purple so that the cells and any viruses, bacteria etc. can be identified under the microscope.
Looking even closer
Microscopic damage caused to the tissues from infectious agents or "pathogens," can follow characteristic patterns. Lesions caused by bacterial infections for instance are different from lesions due to a viral or parasitic disease. Using high magnification, pathologists can look for evidence of cell death (necrosis), different kinds of invading white blood cells, actual virus particles (inclusions), or bacteria. Some diseases cause such specific lesions (pathognomonic lesions in pathologists’ lingo), that the diagnosis can be made on histopathology alone, without additional testing. Pathologists also can request a number of special stains that are applied to the slides and highlight only specific pathogens or lesions to help identify cause of death or disease in an animal.
Rabies
One of the most frequent questions the public or the biologists have when they find a mammal acting abnormally or dead is “does it have rabies?” We send all of our samples to the NY State Department of Health (DOH) for official rabies testing, but we sometimes will look at histology of the brain of suspected rabid animals under the microscope, particularly if the sample that we sent to the DOH was not ideal. In the case pictured, the rabies test at DOH was positive. Numerous rabies virus inclusion bodies are present in the cytoplasm of the large cell in the middle of the picture. These are called Negri bodies and are diagnostic for rabies virus infection.
Herpesvirus
There are many things that we find that kill birds of prey. Things like electrocution, and trauma are often visible at gross examination. However, toxin exposures and infectious diseases often require histopathology or other laboratory testing to detect. In this case of a young Peregrine falcon, we found microscopic areas of necrosis throughout the liver and spleen and some of the nuclei in the hepatocytes (liver cells) contain round, red inclusion bodies typical of herpesvirus infection.
Poxvirus infection
Turkeys are a common bird in the NYS landscape and sometimes when people are observing a flock in their yard, or a hunter harvests a bird, they notice large nodules on the head, mouth and feet. The most common cause for these nodules is infection with avian pox virus. This virus causes the epithelial (outer) surface of the skin to grow rapidly, creating the thick, masses that people see. Poxvirus lesions have very enlarged epithelial cells containing large, eosinophilic (dark pink) viral inclusion bodies called Bollinger bodies.
About 30% of the time, we can't determine what caused an animal's death, but histopathology can help tell the story of what happened to an animal, when the animal can't tell us themselves.